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  You are here: Home > History: Moi's decline
 
HISTORY: MOI'S DECLINE (2000)
 
    Today, Kenya is a country were hope is not abundant. Its relative economic prosperity when compared to its neighbours is a consequence of the authoritarian, centralist and directional policies KANU has applied since it rules in Kenya. However, a country with one of the highest population growth rates in the world would require spectacular levels of economic development to maintain the standard of living of its citizens. Since independence, the number of inhabitants has almost multiplied four times, reaching today 30 millions. According to some ratios, life conditions are worse today than they were in 1980. The balance of trade is negative and the dependence on agriculture places economy at the mercy of atmospheric conditions. The recent droughts have led to critical situations, like the appearance of the hunger ghost in the driest regions, invasion of farms by the Maasai searching for pastures, and water shortages. Moreover, three quarters of the energy are imported from abroad and the domestic supply depends almost exclusively on hydroelectric plants, so eventual droughts impose energy restrictions, with a devastating effect on economy. Droughts are usually compensated by years of good harvest, but storing facilities are not sufficient nor suitable for ensuring a constant food supply. Furthermore, the main body of the exports is due to tea and coffee, reason why the country is also vulnerable to price fluctuations of these two products in the international markets. The economic development relies to a great extent on humanitarian aid, unemployment is sky high, bureaucracy is Kafkian, salaries cannot cope with inflation and corruption is out of control.

    Before tourism started take-off in South African countries, the Kenyan government has managed to monopolize the image of country of safaris and nature, which has played a fundamental role in economic growth. A great part of this achievement must be honoured to all those who have strived for nature conservation in a country where there is still a land issue pending and where sustainable development is still utopia. But tourism is extremely sensitive to social and political stability, two factors that in Kenya are rare. The case of the British citizen murdered in Masai Mara, whose final report produced by Scotland Yard was finally hidden by Moi, caused great stir in international media, but hijacking is actually more than sporadic, and so is poaching in the parks. Contrary to Kenyatta, Moi has never been accused of taking profit of ivory traffic, showing always a firm attitude against poaching. However, some circles close to him do not seem to share this same idea, and slaughters of elephants and rhinos have exceeded the levels reached during Kenyatta's mandate. Ethnic riots, banditry and poaching pose serious threats on the future of the powerful albeit fragile Kenyan tourism sector.

    Moi's regime, despite international pressure, is still anchored in a feudal absolutism. KANU is supported today mainly by the poorest ethnic groups, Kalenjin, Maasai, Samburu, peoples of the northeast and some small coastal groups, who depend on aid and grants from the state and have fewer opportunities for education. The opposition is sustained by Kikuyu and Luo, regions and communities economically more developed, where ambitions exceed what Kenya can -and KANU wants to- offer to qualified professionals. This leveraging of KANU in the most impoverished sectors leads to a hostile attitude towards intellectualism that shows up in the constant distrust towards the University and the press. Colleges are shutdown periodically upon the minor protest, and freedom of expression is still seriously restricted. With the opening to the multi-party system, publications of every political colour thrived, but KANU keeps a close eye on all that is published and some rotary presses have been dismantled by the police.

    Social cohabitation has deteriorated ever since independence. Artificial borders drawn with ruler by the colonial powers ignored tribal demarcations, drawing a map of Africa that is a constant menace for the nations' cohesion. It is possible that someday the different ethnic groups learn to coexist in peace, but by then the price of death and blood will have been too high. Kenya hardly maintains unity, probably thanks to the fact that the tribal mosaic is formed by large depressed patches, KANU supporters, separated by fertile and densely populated opponent regions. But the violence goes on, and in the most affected communities the Kikuyu oathing against rival tribes has reappeared. Over the last years, the Isiolo area, south of Samburu, has been one of the main hotspots of ethnic riots. Immigration of Somalis invading the Boran lands has triggered real battles that extend to other tribes in the area.

    The land issue is the greatest pending subject of Kenyan government. Both Kenyatta and Moi have overlooked this matter and have never implemented economic changes to favour dispossessed peasants, many of who had to emigrate to swell the city slums. After the invasions of whites' farms in Zimbabwe that started in 2000, some Kenyan activists as the MP Stephen Ndicho seeked a parallelism by which they tried to induce poor people to occupy colonial farms. But there is no such parallelism. Moi is frontally opposed to this practice, and himself admits that in Kenya most of the land is in the hands of black Africans. But Moi's position deserves two comments. The first one is the concealed racism that rules the government's policy lines. Kenya refuses to close the colonial chapter of its history, and white Kenyans, sons and grandsons of white Kenyans, find that in practice their rights are trimmed only because of their skin colour. Each and any move of the white community is watched with suspicion, like Leakey's initiative of political opposition in 1995. The second comment refers to the property of the land. Kenyatta first and then Moi silence periodic protests about this issue making reference only to the skin colour of the landowners: they are black, so it's OK. But actually, reforms undertaken by Kenyatta were just a smoke curtain to hide a land sharing operation that involved only the most powerful, who are black but yet the most powerful. Moi himself has amassed one of the greatest fortunes in Africa.

    Kenya's international image has deteriorated progressively due to restrictions in freedom of expression and systematic violation of human rights. Torture to prisoners is a usual practice and national organisations working for human rights have to do so from outside the country. Accusations from international NGOs and foreign press do not seem to have a great effect in the concept many Kenyans have of their state and their politicians. It is known that corruption is a first order problem in the circles of power, but Moi attributes these attitudes to dissident sectors. Moi's usual speech follows the same line which is characteristic in other African leaders: politically correct when he addresses the Westworld, whose investment and aid he covets, but when he speaks to the poor black Africans, every harm or wrong in the country is attributed to the consequences of the Colony days, the spoliation of the Kenyan people by the foreign powers, international passiveness and bad management of NGOs. Easy victimism, demagogic nationalism and concealed racism against the white minority are present in the messages preached by the leaders to the Kenyan people. Meanwhile, misery is merciless with Kenyans every year that rains do not meet expectations. However, Kenyatta's and Moi's portraits preside over even the smallest premise and people worship Kenyatta as the homeland's father, not realising that perhaps every homeland is parented by all citizens alike. In spite of Moi's constantly broken promises to act against corruption, many people seem sunken in negligence like waiting for better times to come, whilst they still wait hopeless for a land sharing that was never done. The sons of the Mau-Mau freedom fighters are so poor in the black man's country as their parents were under the Colonial boot. Top
     

 
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